August 2011 Archives

Henrietta's Story

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In preparation for the class Being Human and Christian in an Interconnected World, the Honors Program read The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot.  The book incorporated the life of Henrietta Lacks' family and how Henrietta's cells contributed to science.  Henrietta Lacks was a poor black women who died of cervical cancer in 1951.  Before her death, doctors at The Johns Hopkins Hospital took a sample of cancer tissue from her cervix.  These tissues became known as HeLa cells which have been utilized for medical research such as cloning and finding the vaccine for polio.  In the story, there is a constant transition between scientific discoveries that included her cells and how her family was affected by her cells.  It explained how scientists could acquire information about cells by observing and experimenting with HeLa cells.  On the other hand, her family was negatively affected by HeLa cells.  Researchers came to their houses to take blood samples without telling the family why they were there.  The Lacks family which included Deborah, Zakariyya, Sonny, and Lawrence was constantly left without information causing much hurt and confusion.  Furthermore, the book tells the story of Rebecca Skloot's and Deborah's journey to discover more information about Henrietta, HeLa, and Elsie Lacks.  Indeed they do find Elsie's and Henrietta's medical records along with a view of Henrietta's cells through a microscope.  On another note, the book brought up many great discussion points.  There are ethical issues raised in the book such as whether researchers can inject patients with cancer cells without the patients consent.  There are also differences in theological ideas. Most of the Lacks family is very religious and believes HeLa cells still contain a piece of Henrietta or her soul while scientists have an opposing view.  The scientists in the story simply viewed her cells as being a miracle for scientific research.  Another discussion point was the idea of immortality.  The idea of immortality can be viewed from many different standpoints including a Theological, Greek, scientific standpoint.  From a theological standpoint, some would say Henrietta is immortal because she lived on within her cells. The idea of immortality from a Greek standpoint is that the soul cannot die.  And finally, from a scientific standpoint, her cells are only immortal because the telomeres at the end of the DNA strand rebuild themselves so the HeLa cells can continue to replicate. 

Being Human and Christian in an Interconnected World includes both our beliefs in God and our knowledge.  The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks also includes two topics that relate but are not the same.  As stated earlier, the topics are science and the journey of Rebecca Skloot and Deborah to discover information about Henrietta Lacks and her cells.  The book conveys that some people alter their perspectives to look at life from a religious point of view while others view life through a scientific point of view.  Deborah and most of her family viewed life from a religious point of view partially because they lacked education.  Religion is what they have grown up with and how they understand the world.   On the other hand, scientists mentioned in the book such as George Gey and Christoph Lengauer viewed life through a scientific point of view.  To them and most other scientists, cells are simply a basic unit of life consisting of a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall, and organelles.  These conflicting views add to the deep meanings of the book.  This book also conveys that humans sometimes do not view the world through other people's eyes. People can be ignorant of problems happening in the world.  Henrietta's life was little known because of ignorance. It took forty years for someone to finally tell the story of Henrietta Lacks.  It took forty years for someone to finally illustrate the difficulties that Henrietta Lacks and her children went through.   Sometimes people can be selfish.  In the story, various doctors including Victor McKusick, Chester Southam, and Emanuel Mandel so they could benefit from the cells and get recognition for their research.   On another note, this book illustrates how many people have different conflicting ethics.  What one person believes is right might be wrong to another person.  Ethical beliefs constantly create dilemmas and unanswerable questions?  Who owns the tissue after it is taken from a person?  Do you need consent to utilized someone's tissue in research?  People also have conflicting religious beliefs which in many ways are similar to their ethical beliefs.  These conflicting views add to the deep intellectual issues found in the book.

Finally, I thought the Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks was very thought provoking.   While writing this blog, I struggled to put my words onto paper.  This book encompasses so many ideas and concepts that it's difficult to comprehend.  I was constantly reminded of how lucky I am to have received a good, free education and I'm grateful that I can continue my education.  I believe Henrietta would be glad of what her cells have done for science.  As the story says, she always wanted to help people.  Because of this book and the deep discussions in class, I believe I have grown as a person and as a Christian.  I really enjoyed reading chapter 36.  The chapter was filled with faith in God and the love he brings.  I also found the chapter to be very intriguing.  One of my goals in this course is to become a better Christian and to learn more about the bible and my faith.  I believe this book drove me to look at how I view the world and where I stand on certain issues.  It forced me to think deeply about topics I have barely considered in the past.  All in all, I feel I am always growing and learning but I feel this book brought up new interesting topics and solid facts to ponder and discuss. I enjoyed reading it and discussing it as a class.

A Gray Area

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The science aspects of the book were both intriguing and thought provoking.  I found the science part tougher to get through which is why it took me so long to finish the book.  After a while there were too many scientists with all sorts of discoveries and I couldn't keep them organized in my mind (until I discovered the list in the back of course).

One part in the book that was very thought provoking to me was when Chester Southam and Emanuel Mandel conducted the experiment where they injected inmates' arms with HeLa cells.  Southam didn't tell his patients that he was injecting them with cancer cells.  This is against many people's moral codes and it seems as the chapter title says "illegal, immoral, and deplorable."  On the other hand, (most people are going to dislike me for saying this) Southam has a point when he states "To use the dreaded word 'cancer' in connection with any clinical procedure on an ill person is potentially deleterious to that patient's well-being, because it may suggest to him (rightly or wrongly) that his diagnosis is cancer or that his prognosis is poor..."  From a statistical standpoint, an experiment cannot be justified with single or double blind meaning that either the patients or the people examining the patients cannot know much the experiment.  If the patients did know then some would say no which would produce a bias (either response or non-response bias).  I'm not saying what he did was right but a bias could potentially ruin the data and ultimately the experiment. 

On another note, this book contained a plethora of unanswerable questions.  Is a bodily tissue still yours if it isn't part of you anymore?  Should you have the right to claim money made off your tissue?  What type of experiments can doctors do on patients?  How much information do doctors have to give you?  I could go on and on.  There is so much gray area!  There's no wrong or right, black or white.  It's all in shades of gray.  I think if I were given the choice and my doctor asked if he/she could use my tissues for science, I would say yes and I wouldn't care how much money were made off of them because I know that 1)that's how the world works and 2)hopefully that tissue is helping to discover new medicines or other medical breakthroughs.  As I've said before this book contains numerous discussion points and there are many debatable topics. 

In conclusion, I can't wait to go to college where I can meet everyone in the Honors Program and where The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks can be discussed more. 

 

Gratitude and Forgiveness

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While reading the Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, I thought of numerous subjects to blog about.  This book could and probably will bring up many great discussions and debates.  I finally decided to blog about two words that came to mind many times while reading: gratitude and forgiveness.

To begin with, I understand this blog isn't about me but about the book, but I kept thinking about how grateful I am for the life I've been given.  The Lacks family grew up poor and the children were mentally, physically and verbally abused.  This abuse most likely led to the violent nature of Zakariyya.  Also, none of Lacks children received a good education.  I think what struck me the most in the book was when I figured out that the Lacks family didn't even comprehend what a cell was.  How are they suppose to understand anything then.  I, on the other hand, have received a free education for thirteen years.  A cell is common knowledge; we learned about them in elementary school, middle school, and high school.  No wonder they didn't understand what was going on with Henrietta's cells.  If you don't understand a cell, how can you understand anything the doctors say? They assumed part of Henrietta was still alive and in some ways she is but not they way the Lacks thought.  Maybe it was all a case of miscommunication though because Susan Hsu states, "People should have told them.  You know we never thought at the time they did not understand." This book constantly reminded me of how grateful I am for the knowledge I have and the many ways I have to obtain more knowledge. 

Furthermore, the Lacks family showed much gratitude for what they were given.  They often thanked God for the good events in their lives.  Deborah, who ended up being my favorite person in the book, was so grateful for all the information she was receiving about her mother and about cells. Even Zakariyya exhibited gratitude when they went to see Christoph Lengauer at the hospital and observed Henrietta's cells under a microscope.  He was grateful to finally find a little peace in knowing a little more about his mother's cells.  Gratefullness showed up more often as the book reached the ending.  Finally there was less anger because of lack of knowledge and more respect for what Henrietta's cells had contributed to science.

Another intangible object that was omnipresent in the book was forgiveness. Deborah had the ability to forgive anyone and I adored that about her.  She forgave the doctors and Hopkins. 

Bear with each other and forgive one another if any of you has a grievance against someone. Forgive as the Lord forgave you.         Colossians 3:13

I love this bible verse because it simply states how we must forgive others even if they have caused us harm.  Even though Deborah suffered through so much in her life she still had the power of forgiveness. 

I believe Deborah was a great person.  She had been through a lot in her life.  More than I could ever imagine but she still forgave and exhibited gratitude.  She was strong and kind and finally she found peace before she passed away. 

In conclusion,  I found the book to be very thought provoking and meaningful.  There are still many subjects to discuss and write about ( like the science portion of the book) but those can be left for later.

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